Pengaruh Zat Besi dan Seng terhadap Perkembangan Balita serta Implementasinya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i4.194Keywords:
perkembangan balita, seng, zat besiAbstract
Angka kejadian gangguan perkembangan balita di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Gangguan perkembangan pada balita, terutama pada 1000 hari pertama kehidupan dapat menurunkan produktivitas anak tersebut sampai dewasa. Akibatnya, kemampuan belajar tahap pendidikan selanjutnya tidak tercapai secara optimal dan berkaitan dengan penghasilan di masa depan. Beberapa faktor dapat memengaruhi perkembangan balita, diantaranya adalah defisiensi seng dan zat besi. Defisiensi zat besi dapat menyebabkan hipomyelinasi, gangguan pertumbuhan, diferensiasi, dan elektrofisiologi neuron, serta perubahan regulasi neurotransmiter di otak. Seng berperan dalam neurotransmiter di area neuron presinaptik dan postsinaptik serta berperan dalam neurogenesis, maturasi dan migrasi neuron dan pembentukan sinapsis otak. Defisiensi kedua mineral ini akan menyebabkan perkembangan balita terganggu atau tidak optimal. Guna mencegah anemia, WHO merekomendasikan pemberian suplementasi zat besi setiap hari selama 3 bulan berturut-turut setiap tahun untuk anak 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun. Pemberian seng rutin untuk balita sampai saat ini belum menjadi rekomendasi dari WHO. Rekomendasi yang telah dikeluarkan terkait seng masih terbatas pada pemberian seng sebagai terapi tambahan pada anak dengan diare.
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[40] Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Suplementasi Besi untuk Anak. Jakarta: IDAI; 2011.
[41] Lozoff Betsy, Jiang Yaping, Li Xing. Low-Dose Iron Supplementation in Infancy Modestly Increases Infant Iron Status at 9 Mo without Decreasing Growth or Increasing Illness in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Rural China. Nutr. 2016;146:612.
[42] WHO. 2016. Guideline: Daily Iron Supplementation. Melalui: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_sup childrens/en/ [13/03/2020]
[2] Gunardi Hartono, Nugraheni Resyana, Yulman Annisa. Growth and developmental delay risk factors among under-five children in an inner-city slum area. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2019;59,(5):276-83.
[3] Pem Deki. Factors Affecting Early Childhood Growth and Development: Golden 1000 Days. Adv Pract Nurs. 2015;1–7.
[4] Coyle P, Tran N ,Fung JNT, Summers BL, et al. Maternal dietary zinc supplementation prevents aberrant behaviour in an object recognition task in mice off spring exposed to LPS in early pregnancy. BehavBrain Res. 2009;197:210–218.
[5] Melse Boonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine de?ciency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. BestPractResClinEndocrinolMetab. 2010;24:29–38.
[6] Mc Lean, Cogswell M, Egli, et al. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, who vitamin and mineral nutrition information system,1993-2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:444–454.
[7] Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Balitbang). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2012. Jakarta: Laporan Nasional. Balitbang; 2013.
[8] Diana, A., Haszard, J., Purnamasari, D., Nurulazmi, I., Luftimas, D., Rahmania, S., Houghton, L, et al. Iron, zinc, vitamin A and selenium status in a cohort of Indonesian infants after adjusting for inflammation using several different approaches. British Journal of Nutrition. 2017;118(10):30-839.
[9] Ringoringo Harapan Parlindungan. Insidensi defisiensi besi dan anemia defisiensi besi Besi pada Bayi Berusia 0-12 Bulan di Banjarbaru Kalimantan Selatan: studi kohort prospektif. Sari Pediatri. 2009;11:8–14.
[10] Zakaria M Al Hawsawi, Sami A Al-Rehali, Amani M Mahros. High prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in infants attending a well-baby clinic in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(9):1067–70.
[11] Wessells K Ryan, Brown Kenneth. Estimating the Global Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results Based on Zinc Availability in National Food Supplies and the Prevalence of Stunting. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50568.
[12] Özden TA, Gökçay Gülbin, Cantez MS, et al. Copper, zinc and iron levels in infants and their mothers during the first year of life: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:157.
[13] Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Ed 20. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2012.
[14] Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia, UKK Nutrisi dan Penyakit. Rekomendasi Praktik Pemberian Makan Berbasis Bukti pada Bayi dan Batita di Indonesia untuk Mencegah Malnutrisi. Jakarta: IDAI; 2015.
[15] Fahmida Umi, Dillon Drupadi. Nutritional Assessment. Ed 2. Jakarta: Seameo Recfon UI; 2013.
[16] McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management By Laboratory Methods. Ed 22. New York: Elsevier; 2011.
[17] World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. WHO. 2001.
[18] World Health Organization. Serum ferritin concentrations for the assessment of iron status and iron deficiency in populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
[19] Fretham S.J, Carlson,E.S, Georgieff. The role of iron in learning and memory. Adv Nutr. 2011;2:112–121.
[20] Radlowski EC, Johnson RW. Perinatal iron deficiency and neuro cognitive development. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;1–11.
[21] Dunnett S, Meldrum A, Muir J. Frontal-striatal disconnection disrupts cognitive performance of the frontal-type in the rat. Neuroscience. 2005;135:1055–1065.
[22] Calabrese F, Guidotti G Middelman, A Racagni,et al. Lack of serotonin transporter alters bdnf expression in the rat brain during early postna-tal development. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48:244–256.
[23] Georgieff Michael. Iron in the Brain:Its Role in Development and Injury. NeoReviews. 2006;7:e344–51.
[24] Falkingham M, Abdelhamid A, Curtis P, et al. The effects of oral iron supplementation on cognition in older children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2010;9(4):1–16.
[25] Idjradinata Ponpon, Pollit Ernesto. Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anaemic infants treated with iron. Lancet. 1993;341:1-4.
[26] Mahan LK, Escott-Stumo S, Raymond Janicel. Krause’s Food and The Nutrition Care Process. Ed 13. United States: Elsevier; 2012.
[27] Hess Sonja Y, Peerson Janet M, King Janet C. Use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;2(3):s403–29
[28] Georgieff MK. Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement. AmJClinNutr. 2007;85:614S–620S.
[29] Levenson CW. Regulation of the NMDA receptor: implications for neuropsychological development. NutrRev. 2006;64:428–432.
[30] Rubin Rachael D, Watson Patrick, Duff Melissa C, et al. The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior. Front Hum Neurosc. 2014;1–15.
[31] Corniola Rikki S, Tassabehji Nadine M, Hare Joan, et al. Zinc Deficiency Impairs Neuronal Precursor Cell Proliferation And Induces Apoptosis Via P53-Mediated Mechanisms. Brain Res. 2008;1237:52–61
[32] Black Maureen M, Baqu AH, Zaman K, et al. Iron and zinc supplementation promote motor development and exploratory behavior among Bangladeshi infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:903–10.
[33] Gao S, Tu DN, H. Li H, et al. Relationship between zinc and the growth and development of young children. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(3):9730–8.
[34] Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Zinc supplementation formental and motor development in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:1–52.
[35] Hagmeyer Simone, Haderspeck JC, Grabrucker Am, et al. Behavioral impairments in animal models for zinc deficiency. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;1–16.
[36] Millward, D. Nutrition, infection and stunting: The roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2017;30(1);50-72
[37] Ali SS. A brief review of risk-factors for growth and developmental delay among preschool children in developing countries. Adv Biomed Res. 2013;2:91.
[38] WHO. Infant and young child feeding. Geneva: WHO Press; 2005.
[39] Finn K, Callen C, Bhatia J. Importance of Dietary Sources of Iron in Infants and Toddlers: Lessons from the FITS Study. Nutrients. 2017;11;9(7). pii: E733.
[40] Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Suplementasi Besi untuk Anak. Jakarta: IDAI; 2011.
[41] Lozoff Betsy, Jiang Yaping, Li Xing. Low-Dose Iron Supplementation in Infancy Modestly Increases Infant Iron Status at 9 Mo without Decreasing Growth or Increasing Illness in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Rural China. Nutr. 2016;146:612.
[42] WHO. 2016. Guideline: Daily Iron Supplementation. Melalui: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/daily_iron_sup childrens/en/ [13/03/2020]
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Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Purnamasari, D. M., Lubis, L., & Gurnida, D. A. (2020). Pengaruh Zat Besi dan Seng terhadap Perkembangan Balita serta Implementasinya. Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan, 2(4), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i4.194
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